higher order functions

Functional programming/Higher Order Functions

Higher-order functions bahut hi powerful aur versatile hote hain, aur isse code ko readable, reusable, aur maintainable banane mein help milti hai. Ye functional programming ka ek important concept hai, aur iska use aajkal bahut si programming languages mein hota hai.

Map Function:

Python ke map() function ka istamal kisi bhi iterable object jaise list, tuple ya string mein har ek item ke liye ek function ko apply karne ke liye kiya jaata hai. map() function ek iterator object return karta hai jo original iterable ke elements ko modified version mein convert karta hai.

map() function ka syntax is tarah hota hai:

map(function, iterable)

Code Example:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

def square(x):

return x**2

squares = list(map(square, numbers)) print(squares)

# Output: [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

Lambda function

lambda ek anonymous (bina naam ke) function hai, jo Python mein def keyword ki jagah define kiya jata hai. lambda function ko define karne ke baad hum ise variable mein store karke baad mein use kar sakte hain.

lambda function ka syntax bahut hi simple hai:

lambda arguments: expression

Code Example:

sq = lambda x:x**2

print(sq(3))

# Output: 9

Filter Function

Python mein filter() function ka istamal list, tuple, ya anya iterable object mein se ek naya iterable object create karne ke liye kiya jaata hai, jismein sirf un elements ko shamil kiya jaata hai jo diye gaye function ke condition ko satisfy karte hain. Yani ki, filter() function ka istamal kisi iterable ke elements ko filter karne ke liye kiya jaata hai.

filter() function ka syntax is tarah hota hai:

filter(function, iterable)

Code example

numbers = [1,2,3,4,5]

even_numbers = list(filter(lambda x:x%2==0, numbers))

print(even_numbers)

# condition(x%2==0) numbers ki list mai sy sirf even number print kro.

# agr condition mai 0 ki jga 1 hota to numbers ki list mai sy sirf odd number print hote.

# Output: [2,4]

Even odd program concept link below 👇

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ug-HWQu06bc

Reduce() Function

reduce() function, functools module mein mojood hai aur ye ek bahut hi powerful function hai jo ek iterable object ke saare elements ko ek single value mein reduce karta hai. reduce() function ka istamal kisi bhi binary operation (jaise addition, multiplication) ko apply karne ke liye kiya jaata hai, jiska result humein single value mein chahiye hota hai.

reduce() function ka syntax is tarah hota hai:

reduce(function, iterable, initializer)

Code Example:

from functools import reduce

numbers = [1,2,3,4,5]

sum = reduce(lambda x,y:x+y, numbers)

print(sum)

# Output: 15

Aap yahan dekhsakte ho humein single value mein output return huwa hai.

List comprehension

List comprehension Python mein ek bahut hi powerful aur readable technique hai, jiske zarye hum ek list ko generate kar sakte hain, bina kisi loop ke. List comprehension ka use hum ek existing list, set, ya sequence object ke elements ko use kar ke naye list ko create karne ke liye karte hain.

List comprehension ka syntax bahut hi simple hai.

Ismein hum square brackets [] ka use karte hain, jisse Python ko ye pata chal jata hai ki hum ek list generate karna chahte hain.

Code Example:

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

squares = [x**2 for x in numbers]

print(squares)

# Output: [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]